Ⅳ 賽前減脂期常見營養問題及防治方法4.1 減重速度過快這是許多健美運動員賽前經常採用的減脂(重)方法,即短期內採用極低熱量飲食(低於800千卡/天或者更低),引起體重快速下降。危害主要表現在:瘦體重大量損失、有氧運動能力下降、力量下降、代謝率減低等,而不利於進一步減脂。對於健美運動員來說,過快的減重速度最嚴重的結果是導致肌肉和水分的大量流失,這會減少肌肉圍度和飽滿度,從而影響比賽成績。所以,正確調控賽前減重速度是保證減脂期間維持瘦體重的技術關鍵之一,即通過營養干預和體成分的監控,及時優化營養和訓練方案,達到最佳的減脂效果。
4.2 過早限制電解質,導致電解質紊亂,發生肌肉抽搐等問題有報道健美運動員賽前發生低鉀血症,導致肌肉抽搐並死亡。賽前減脂期間,健美運動員會通過控制熱量攝入來達到減少皮下脂肪的目的]。在賽前1周左右,會逐漸控制鹽和水的攝入一進一步控制皮下水分、增加肌肉的清晰度。許多健美運動員賽前由於過早或過於嚴格控制所有電解質的補充而出現低血鉀而出現肌肉抽搐現象。這就需要合理的電解質的補充,即使在賽前1周,運動中丟失的除了鈉以外的其他電解質都應該得到充足的補充。其實,影響皮下水份狀態的主要是鈉鹽,而鉀鹽由於主要存在於細胞內而有利於增加肌肉的充盈度,所以賽前1周需要限制的主要是鈉鹽,而鉀鹽的補充則可以一直持續到賽前。可以採用除鈉電解質膠囊的形式對健美運動員進行鉀鹽等電解質的補充,可以有效防止了低血鉀、肌肉抽搐的出現,同時一定程度上增加肌肉的充盈度。
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